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Commonality and Difference
相同和不同?！巴悺笔鞘挛镏g的一種基本關系。事物一旦獲得獨立于他者的界限，就會面臨與他者的“同異”關系。對事物間“同異”關系的判斷，是認識與安頓事物的基礎。古人大多認為，應基于對事物間“同異”關系的清晰界定和準確把握，通過建構整體性的秩序，對事物做出合理的安置。也有人主張，應看到“同異”關系的相對性，進而在認識與心靈層面突破“同異”關系的限制。
Tong (同commonality) and yi (異difference) are opposing concepts that underpin a fundamental relationship among things. When distinct boundaries separate one thing from another, it implies that these two entities share some similarities while also showing differences in various aspects. The assessment of commonality and difference among things is crucial for their recognition and arrangement. In ancient times, many believed that things should be arranged in a rational manner according to an overall order, which was established on the basis of clear definition and accurate comprehension of the commonality and difference among things. Some others advocated acknowledging the relativity of the concepts of commonality and difference and thus breaking away from the constraints of such a relationship in the cognitive dimensions.
引例 Citations：
◎夫禮者，所以定親疏、決嫌疑、別同異、明是非也。（《禮記·曲禮上》）
禮是確定親疏關系、決斷疑惑之事、區(qū)別同異、辨明是非的依據(jù)。
Rites are the basis for determining proper human relations, clarifying ambiguities, differentiating between things, and telling right from wrong. (The Book of Rites)
◎自其異者視之，肝膽楚越也；自其同者視之，萬物皆一也。（《莊子·德充符》）
從事物相異的一面去看，肝膽相鄰卻好像楚國和越國之間相隔遙遠；從事物相同的一面去看，萬物都是一樣的。
From the standpoint of difference, the liver and the gallbladder may appear worlds apart, just as the states of Chu and Yue. Yet, when viewed through the lens of commonality, all things can be seen as the same. (Zhuangzi)
推薦：教育部 國家語委
供稿：北京外國語大學 外語教學與研究出版社
責任編輯：錢耐安
